Small Business Encyclopedia: Market Share
Market share refers to the percentage of the overall volume of business in a given market that is controlled by one company in relation to its competitors. For example, if the total sales of a certain product in a market is $100, 000, and the company in question sold $20, 000 worth of that product, then the company had 20 percent market share. Market share is most meaningful in a relative sense; that is, when a company compares the market share it commands to the percentage held by its largest competitors. "The important factor in computing relative market share is not the exact number associated with the sales volume, " Kenneth J. Cook wrote in his book The AMA Complete Guide to Strategic Planning for Small Business. "Your position relative to the competition is more important. You want to know basically if they dominate you, if you are relatively equal in size, or if you dominate them."
To calculate market share, a small business owner first needs to determine the total sales of a product in a target market over a specific time period, usually one year. Then the small business owner needs to calculate the total sales achieved by his or her company in that market over the same time period. It may also be useful to find out the sales level achieved by the company's largest competitors and then use that information to compute relative market share. Information on the overall size of markets is usually available through industry associations, which commonly track both sales and growth rates. If competing firms happen to be publicly owned, their sales figures can usually be gleaned from their annual reports. Otherwise, the small business owner may be need to make an educated guess based on his or her knowledge of each competitor and on information provided by the company's customers and sales staff.
Applications of Market Share Information
Many companies use market share as a managerial objective—i.e., a company might try to gain a specified share of the market by a certain time. Market share can be a useful objective in that it forces small business owners to pay attention to the overall market and to the actions of competitors. It is also easier to measure than some other common objectives, such as maximizing profits. But there are some potential pitfalls associated with setting a company objective of increasing market share. For example, a company may be tempted to set too low a price to achieve this goal, even though a larger sales volume does not always lead to higher profits.
Another application of market share information is in evaluating a company's competitive position in an industry in order to formulate an effective strategy. Information on a firm's relative market share—which indicates its competitive position—can be combined with information on the growth rate and attractiveness of the industry to determine the best future positioning of the firm. The attractiveness of an industry can be determined through an industry analysis, which points out the threats and opportunities facing competitors. The growth rate of an industry can be determined by measuring trends in customer spending levels. As Michael E. Porter outlined in his classic book Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, the results of these measurements can be plotted on a quadrant diagram. The horizontal side of the matrix represents the firm's competitive position and the vertical side represents the growth rate and attractiveness of the industry, both ranging from weak to strong.
If both the company's competitive position and the industry's attractiveness and growth rate are strong, then the company occupies a fortunate position and is known as a "star." The most appropriate strategy for star companies is to exploit their competitive advantage and protect themselves against new competitors entering the industry. If both the company's competitive position and the industry's attractiveness and growth rate are weak, then the company is in an unfortunate position and is known as a "dog." The potential for market growth is limited, and the company's future prospects in the industry do not appear promising. The most appropriate strategy for a dog company is to limit spending, generate as much cash as possible in the short term, and consider exiting the industry.
If a company holds a strong position in a weak industry, it is known as a "cash cow." The best strategy for companies in this situation is to milk the market for cash while not expending too many resources. Finally, if a company occupies a weak competitive position in a strong industry, it is known as a "question mark." The business owners have important strategic decisions to make. Although there is strong future potential in the industry, the company's weak position means that it will have to make a significant investment to take advantage of the opportunity presented. In this case, it is particularly important for the business owner to understand his or her customers and competitors to determine whether it will be possible for the company to develop a competitive advantage.
Further Reading:
Cook, Kenneth J. The AMA Complete Guide to Strategic Planning for Small Business. Chicago:American Marketing Association, 1995.
Green, Gloria, and Jeffrey Williams. Marketing: Mastering Your Small Business. Chicago:Upstart Publishing, 1996.
Porter, Michael E. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York:Free Press, 1980.
Urban, Glen L., and Steven H. Star. Advanced Marketing Strategy. Englewood Cliffs
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Saturday, October 18, 2008
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
Information about snakes
From Eggs or Live Birth
Most snakes hatch from eggs (oviparous). Racers, bullsnakes, milk snakes and green snakes are common egg-layers. The eggs are usually white and have an oblong, leathery-like shell. Eggs are normally deposited in a location that is moist and relatively warm such as sand, sawdust piles, rotting stumps, or under rocks. Snake eggs are not incubated like bird eggs; the warmth of the substrate and rays of the sun control the incubation process. Incubation may last up to 60 days before the young are fully developed and hatch. Other snakes, such as garter snakes and rattlesnakes, have live birth of the fully developed young (ovoviviparous). The fertile eggs develop within the maternal body.
Food
All snakes are predators. They must locate their prey before they seize it. Snakes will eat whatever they can catch, master, and swallow. Their prey is located by their senses of vision, smell, or thermosensitivity. The food they consume depends upon the animal’s size and the environment where it lives. Rattlesnakes eat rodents such as mice, ground squirrels, and the young of prairie dogs and cottontail rabbits. They also eat other snakes, lizards, birds, and insects. The average snake will consume two to three times its own weight in various food items between the spring and fall months when the snake is away from its winter den.
Hearing
Snakes do not have external ears and are probably deaf to most sounds.They "hear" by sensing ground vibrations with their belly scales and lower jaw.
Sight
A snake’s vision is mainly used for detecting movement of prey. They have difficulty seeing motionless prey or enemies. Objects probably appear as a blur at 40 feet, but at 10 to 15 feet, the objects appear sharper. The vision of many snakes, like the rattlesnake, is better suited for nocturnal searching. Some species, such as racers and garter snakes, have eyes specialized for daytime activity. Snakes appear to stare at their prey because they have no eyelids. The eyes of snakes are lidless, but are protected by a tough, transparent covering, or scale, that is shed with the skin. The pupil or the black portion of a rattlesnake’s eye is elliptical, not round as found with the nonvenomous snakes.
(Figure compliments of Missouri Dept. of Conservation)
All snakes are covered with scales, which are thickened areas of a thin outer skin layer. Under this layer is another skin layer that contains pigment cells that give a snake its distinctive color pattern. The arrangement of color patterns, type of scales, and scale rows are used to identify the various species.
Rattlesnakes, bullsnakes, and garter snakes have what is called a keeled scale (Figure 3 below), which has a ridge on the center of each scale. Other snakes, such as the racer and milk snake, have smooth scales (Figure 2 below), with no ridges. The skin of a snake is dry, not slimy. Molting, or skin shedding, is repeated periodically throughout a snake’s life. Just prior to shedding, the skin becomes dull and dry looking and the eyes become cloudy or blue-colored. After a few days, the eyes clear and the snake "crawls" out of its old skin, which peels backward over the body from head to tail, in one piece. A new, larger, and brighter layer of skin has formed underneath. An older snake may shed its skin only once or twice a year, but a younger, still-growing snake, may shed up to four times a year.
Check the range maps (on snake pages) to determine if the species of snake actually occurs in your area. For each species there is a listing of key characteristics that will help you distinguish the snake from those of similar appearance. Each snake description includes whether the species has keeled or smooth scales.
Most snakes hatch from eggs (oviparous). Racers, bullsnakes, milk snakes and green snakes are common egg-layers. The eggs are usually white and have an oblong, leathery-like shell. Eggs are normally deposited in a location that is moist and relatively warm such as sand, sawdust piles, rotting stumps, or under rocks. Snake eggs are not incubated like bird eggs; the warmth of the substrate and rays of the sun control the incubation process. Incubation may last up to 60 days before the young are fully developed and hatch. Other snakes, such as garter snakes and rattlesnakes, have live birth of the fully developed young (ovoviviparous). The fertile eggs develop within the maternal body.
Food
All snakes are predators. They must locate their prey before they seize it. Snakes will eat whatever they can catch, master, and swallow. Their prey is located by their senses of vision, smell, or thermosensitivity. The food they consume depends upon the animal’s size and the environment where it lives. Rattlesnakes eat rodents such as mice, ground squirrels, and the young of prairie dogs and cottontail rabbits. They also eat other snakes, lizards, birds, and insects. The average snake will consume two to three times its own weight in various food items between the spring and fall months when the snake is away from its winter den.
Hearing
Snakes do not have external ears and are probably deaf to most sounds.They "hear" by sensing ground vibrations with their belly scales and lower jaw.
Sight
A snake’s vision is mainly used for detecting movement of prey. They have difficulty seeing motionless prey or enemies. Objects probably appear as a blur at 40 feet, but at 10 to 15 feet, the objects appear sharper. The vision of many snakes, like the rattlesnake, is better suited for nocturnal searching. Some species, such as racers and garter snakes, have eyes specialized for daytime activity. Snakes appear to stare at their prey because they have no eyelids. The eyes of snakes are lidless, but are protected by a tough, transparent covering, or scale, that is shed with the skin. The pupil or the black portion of a rattlesnake’s eye is elliptical, not round as found with the nonvenomous snakes.
(Figure compliments of Missouri Dept. of Conservation)
All snakes are covered with scales, which are thickened areas of a thin outer skin layer. Under this layer is another skin layer that contains pigment cells that give a snake its distinctive color pattern. The arrangement of color patterns, type of scales, and scale rows are used to identify the various species.
Rattlesnakes, bullsnakes, and garter snakes have what is called a keeled scale (Figure 3 below), which has a ridge on the center of each scale. Other snakes, such as the racer and milk snake, have smooth scales (Figure 2 below), with no ridges. The skin of a snake is dry, not slimy. Molting, or skin shedding, is repeated periodically throughout a snake’s life. Just prior to shedding, the skin becomes dull and dry looking and the eyes become cloudy or blue-colored. After a few days, the eyes clear and the snake "crawls" out of its old skin, which peels backward over the body from head to tail, in one piece. A new, larger, and brighter layer of skin has formed underneath. An older snake may shed its skin only once or twice a year, but a younger, still-growing snake, may shed up to four times a year.
Check the range maps (on snake pages) to determine if the species of snake actually occurs in your area. For each species there is a listing of key characteristics that will help you distinguish the snake from those of similar appearance. Each snake description includes whether the species has keeled or smooth scales.
Sachine Tendulkar - Great Cricketer
Family
Dad's Name : Ramesh Tendulkar
Sister's Name : Savitai Tendulkar
Brother's Name : Nitin Tendulkar & Ajit Tendulkar
Wife's Name : Anjali Tendulkar
Daughter's Name : Sarah
Tendulkar's Dream
Young Sachin had aspired of being a fast bowler. It was this dream that made him undertake trials at Chennai based MRF pace academy, but his small stature proved to be a major hindrance to his aspiring career. ( THANK GOD !!! else the WORLD would have been deprived of such a genius batsman. )
First step towards cricket
Tendulkar's sensational journey to cricket stardom sparked of when his brother Ajit made him meet Mr. R. Achrekar ( Cricket Coach ). Sachin failed to perform in the first go which made him very nervous but his brother's persuasion led Mr. Achrekar give him another chance.
Turning point in his career
It was his change of school to Shardashram Vidya Mandir in Dadar - close to Shivaji Park on his coach's advice which marked a turn around in Sachin's career. He says," I use to bat in four nets at one strech. Whenever, I use to get tired, Achrekar use to keep a one rupee coin on top of the stumps and say, "Anyone who gets him out will take this coin. If no-one gets him, Sachin takes it." Tendulkar till date contributes this technique in being instrumental for enhancing his concentration. He still treasures the 13 coins earned by him during the practice sessions.
Naughty Duo
Sachin and his best pal Vinod Kambli hold the World Record of 664 runs stand for Shardashram School in inter-school tournament in 1988. Tendulkar candidly admits that the total would have never assumed mammoth proportion had he and Kambli not ignored the man waving from the boundary with the coach's message to declare.
Tendulkar's Idol
Tendulkar's idol is the American Tennis superstar-John McEnore. During his young age, he argued and fought for McEnore with his colony friends who supported Swedish Bjorn Borg. Sachin sported a head-band, sweat-band and a tennis racquet showing his staunch loyalty towards his idol.
Family Quirks
Sachin's wife Anjali tends to become nervous while he bats, whereas his brother has become so superstitious that he allows the family members to only watch the match recording.
His reactions to his dismissals
On pre-mature and early exits, Sachin likes to take out his anger somewhere. He prefers to be left alone, till he cools down.
God's Importance in his life
Tendulkar is a God fearing person, a staunch devotee of Sai Baba, Ganpathi and frequently visits temples during night when it's calm and quiet. He visualizes God in his parents. Religion to him is what his parents have inculcated in him, his upbringing and his way of life. Sachin strongly believes in the concept of re-birth, existence of Hell and Heaven. He loves celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi at home with his family and believes that it firms his ties with his loved ones.
Favourites of Tendulkar
Ground : Sydney cricket ground
Movie : Coming to America
Music : Pop
Hobby : Collecting CD's.
Car : Maruti
Actors : Amitabh Bacchan, Nana Patekar
Actresses : Madhuri Dixit
Cricket Heroes : Gavaskar, Viv Richards, Imran Khan and Sandeep Patil
Other Fav. Stars : Maradona, Borris Becker
Drink : Orange / Apple juice and water
Food : Steak
Pastime : Listening to peaceful music with friends
Clothes : Official jacket and tie, else jeans and T-shirt
Magazine : Sportstar
Newspapers : Times of India, Mid-day, Afternoon Dispatch
Restaurant : Bukhara, Maurya Sheraton
Holiday Resort : Yorkshire, Headingley
Hotel : Park Royal Darling Harbour, Sydney
Other Sports : Tennis
Funniest Moment
Once I (Sachin) was batting with Vinod Kambli for a school match. Vinod dropped his bat in the middle of the game and started to fly a kite. It was so funny, I really can't forget that day in whole of my life.
Other's
Major Teams : India, Mumbai and Yorkshire
Memorable Day : Beating Pakistan in the 1992 World Cup
Worst Day : Losing the fist ODI in RSA in 1992
Greatest Influence : Family
Ambition : To be number one in the world
Dream Woman : My wife
Current Players Admired : Vinod Kambli, Brian Lara and Jonty Rhodes
Embarrasing Moment : People asking for my autograph and then asking me my name
Hate : Rumors
Any Changes you desire to have : None
Dad's Name : Ramesh Tendulkar
Sister's Name : Savitai Tendulkar
Brother's Name : Nitin Tendulkar & Ajit Tendulkar
Wife's Name : Anjali Tendulkar
Daughter's Name : Sarah
Tendulkar's Dream
Young Sachin had aspired of being a fast bowler. It was this dream that made him undertake trials at Chennai based MRF pace academy, but his small stature proved to be a major hindrance to his aspiring career. ( THANK GOD !!! else the WORLD would have been deprived of such a genius batsman. )
First step towards cricket
Tendulkar's sensational journey to cricket stardom sparked of when his brother Ajit made him meet Mr. R. Achrekar ( Cricket Coach ). Sachin failed to perform in the first go which made him very nervous but his brother's persuasion led Mr. Achrekar give him another chance.
Turning point in his career
It was his change of school to Shardashram Vidya Mandir in Dadar - close to Shivaji Park on his coach's advice which marked a turn around in Sachin's career. He says," I use to bat in four nets at one strech. Whenever, I use to get tired, Achrekar use to keep a one rupee coin on top of the stumps and say, "Anyone who gets him out will take this coin. If no-one gets him, Sachin takes it." Tendulkar till date contributes this technique in being instrumental for enhancing his concentration. He still treasures the 13 coins earned by him during the practice sessions.
Naughty Duo
Sachin and his best pal Vinod Kambli hold the World Record of 664 runs stand for Shardashram School in inter-school tournament in 1988. Tendulkar candidly admits that the total would have never assumed mammoth proportion had he and Kambli not ignored the man waving from the boundary with the coach's message to declare.
Tendulkar's Idol
Tendulkar's idol is the American Tennis superstar-John McEnore. During his young age, he argued and fought for McEnore with his colony friends who supported Swedish Bjorn Borg. Sachin sported a head-band, sweat-band and a tennis racquet showing his staunch loyalty towards his idol.
Family Quirks
Sachin's wife Anjali tends to become nervous while he bats, whereas his brother has become so superstitious that he allows the family members to only watch the match recording.
His reactions to his dismissals
On pre-mature and early exits, Sachin likes to take out his anger somewhere. He prefers to be left alone, till he cools down.
God's Importance in his life
Tendulkar is a God fearing person, a staunch devotee of Sai Baba, Ganpathi and frequently visits temples during night when it's calm and quiet. He visualizes God in his parents. Religion to him is what his parents have inculcated in him, his upbringing and his way of life. Sachin strongly believes in the concept of re-birth, existence of Hell and Heaven. He loves celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi at home with his family and believes that it firms his ties with his loved ones.
Favourites of Tendulkar
Ground : Sydney cricket ground
Movie : Coming to America
Music : Pop
Hobby : Collecting CD's.
Car : Maruti
Actors : Amitabh Bacchan, Nana Patekar
Actresses : Madhuri Dixit
Cricket Heroes : Gavaskar, Viv Richards, Imran Khan and Sandeep Patil
Other Fav. Stars : Maradona, Borris Becker
Drink : Orange / Apple juice and water
Food : Steak
Pastime : Listening to peaceful music with friends
Clothes : Official jacket and tie, else jeans and T-shirt
Magazine : Sportstar
Newspapers : Times of India, Mid-day, Afternoon Dispatch
Restaurant : Bukhara, Maurya Sheraton
Holiday Resort : Yorkshire, Headingley
Hotel : Park Royal Darling Harbour, Sydney
Other Sports : Tennis
Funniest Moment
Once I (Sachin) was batting with Vinod Kambli for a school match. Vinod dropped his bat in the middle of the game and started to fly a kite. It was so funny, I really can't forget that day in whole of my life.
Other's
Major Teams : India, Mumbai and Yorkshire
Memorable Day : Beating Pakistan in the 1992 World Cup
Worst Day : Losing the fist ODI in RSA in 1992
Greatest Influence : Family
Ambition : To be number one in the world
Dream Woman : My wife
Current Players Admired : Vinod Kambli, Brian Lara and Jonty Rhodes
Embarrasing Moment : People asking for my autograph and then asking me my name
Hate : Rumors
Any Changes you desire to have : None
Performance Increase Through My Computer
Performance Increase Through My Computer
Easy enough tweak to usually find out about it on your own, but still, some of us still don't find it right away. So here it is: Start > right-click on My Computer and select Properties. Click on the "Advanced" tab. See the "Performance" section? Click "Settings". Disable the following: Fade or slide menus into view Fade or slide ToolTips into view Fade out menu items after clicking Show Shadows under menus Slide open combo boxes Slide taskbar buttons Use a background image for each folder type Use common tasks in folders There, now Windows will still look nice and perform faster.
How to remove Virus
Friday, October 10, 2008
How to remove virus from mobile
REMOVABLE STEPS1) Install third party file manager i.e FExplorer2) Start XEplorer3) Select and copy any file on clipboard· Navigate file system with the navigation button:· Press right button to enter directory, Left to leave directory· Select C: and right, Select system and press right· Select any file from C: System such as Backup.html· Select Edit/Copy from menu.4) Copy the file to E: System Temp· Press left until you are at files system section screen.· Select E: and press right right· Select System and press right and then Temp and press right.· Select Edit/Paste from menu.5) Rename the file to noboot· Select file /Rename from menu.· Rename the copy file to noboot.6) Reboot the phone· Install F-Secure mobile Antivirus software to finish cleaning up your phone.· Download the file and select open after download.· Install F-Secure mobile Antivirus. Go to the Application Menu and start antivirus· Activate antivirus and scan all files.7) Rename all files of warm and delete it, then format your phone· Location and Name of files of comm - warrior (Virus) in your phone# C:systemrecogscw3ec.mdl# C:systemappsphoneoplogo# C:systemlibscw.exe# C:systemlibscwinfo.htmlSame Locations check in E: drive8) To format phone· Switch off your phone· Press 3 keys at a same time· Hold (Dial, * (Star) and 3) and switch on your phone don?t leave that all three keys until you seen your screen timing menu.· Before doing this, make sure that phone battery is full of charged.
How to remove virus from mobile
REMOVABLE STEPS1) Install third party file manager i.e FExplorer2) Start XEplorer3) Select and copy any file on clipboard· Navigate file system with the navigation button:· Press right button to enter directory, Left to leave directory· Select C: and right, Select system and press right· Select any file from C: System such as Backup.html· Select Edit/Copy from menu.4) Copy the file to E: System Temp· Press left until you are at files system section screen.· Select E: and press right right· Select System and press right and then Temp and press right.· Select Edit/Paste from menu.5) Rename the file to noboot· Select file /Rename from menu.· Rename the copy file to noboot.6) Reboot the phone· Install F-Secure mobile Antivirus software to finish cleaning up your phone.· Download the file and select open after download.· Install F-Secure mobile Antivirus. Go to the Application Menu and start antivirus· Activate antivirus and scan all files.7) Rename all files of warm and delete it, then format your phone· Location and Name of files of comm - warrior (Virus) in your phone# C:systemrecogscw3ec.mdl# C:systemappsphoneoplogo# C:systemlibscw.exe# C:systemlibscwinfo.htmlSame Locations check in E: drive8) To format phone· Switch off your phone· Press 3 keys at a same time· Hold (Dial, * (Star) and 3) and switch on your phone don?t leave that all three keys until you seen your screen timing menu.· Before doing this, make sure that phone battery is full of charged.
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